Dr. Shiro Ishii, commander of Unit 731, conducted horrific experiments on an estimated 3,000 human beings in Manchuria between 1937 and 1945, including vivisections without anesthesia, forced pregnancies, and intentional exposure to plague. After the war, rather than being tried as a war criminal (as the Nuremberg doctors were), Ishii was granted immunity by the US government in exchange for sharing his research data with American intelligence. General Douglas MacArthur personally signed the immunity agreement. Ishii lived freely in Japan, wrote an autobiography (which he suppressed), and died in 1959 at age 67. The data from his experiments was used by the US biological weapons program at Fort Detrick. Ishii was never tried. Only in 1995 did the US government confirm the immunity deal. The victims — many of whom were Chinese, Korean, and Soviet citizens — received no compensation.